@article{oai:kitami-it.repo.nii.ac.jp:02000420,
 author = {Tomonori Tanikawa and Kazuhiko Masuda and Hiroshi Ishimoto and Teruo Aoki and Masahiro Hori and Masashi Niwano and Akihiro Hachikubo and Sumito Matoba and Konosuke Sugiura and Takenobu Toyota and Nozomu Ohkawara and Knut Stamnes},
 journal = {Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer},
 month = {2023-04-20},
 note = {The properties of light reflected from snow and ice surfaces are important for the understanding of light
scattering theory and the interpretation of remote sensing in the cryosphere. Spectral measurements
of the degree of linear polarization (DoLP) and its related Stokes parameters Pq = −Q/I and Pu = U/I of
Stokes vector IS = [I Q U V]T were made for various snow and ice surfaces in Hokkaido, Japan. The measurement results indicated that the angular dependence on both the viewing angle and azimuth angle
in the DoLP, Pq and Pu was significant especially in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) regions. In addition,
an important finding here is that the measurements revealed for the first time the existence of neutral
points of Pq and Pu in the snow and bare ice surface. The SWIR polarization features can be explained by
the single scattering properties of snow/ice or surface reflection associated with surface scattering. For
the snow cases, the DoLP was represented by the measurement geometry and the scattering phase matrix while for the bare ice case, the DoLP was represented by the measurement geometry and the Fresnel
reflection matrix. An additional remark is that the angular dependence of the neutral points was linked
exclusively to the measurement geometry regardless of snow particle size, shape and scattering/absorbing
inclusions in the ice. In contrast, the polarization in the visible regions was so small but remained detectable. However, the angular dependence of the neutral points was somewhat different from that in
near infrared and SWIR regions. These results suggested that the neutral points depend on the polarization magnitude and the plane of polarization that related to the multiple scattering in the snow and
atmosphere. The polarimetric measurements related to the neutral points are expected to be useful for
the retrieval of new snow/ice physical parameters},
 title = {Spectral degree of linear polarization and neutral points of polarization in snow and ice surfaces},
 volume = {273},
 year = {}
}