@article{oai:kitami-it.repo.nii.ac.jp:02000330,
 author = {Jun Inoue and Kazutoshi Sato and Annette Rinke and John J. Cassano and Xavier Fettweis and Günther Heinemann and Heidrun Matthes and Andrew Orr and Tony Phillips and Mark Seefeldt and Amy Solomon and Stuart Webster},
 journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
 month = {},
 note = {Abstract The presence of clouds in the Arctic regulates the surface energy budget (SEB) over the
sea-ice surface and the ice-free ocean. Following several previous field campaigns, the cloud-radiation
relationship, including cloud vertical structure and phase, has been elucidated; however, modeling of
this relationship has matured slowly. In recognition of the recent decline in the Arctic sea-ice extent,
representation of the cloud system in numerical models should consider the effects of areas covered by
sea ice and ice-free areas. Using an in situ stationary meteorological observation data set obtained over the
ice-free Arctic Ocean by the Japanese Research Vessel Mirai (September 2014), coordinated evaluation of
six regional climate models (RCMs) with nine model runs was performed by focusing on clouds and the
SEB. The most remarkable findings were as follows: (1) reduced occurrence of unstable stratification with
low-level cloud water in all models in comparison to the observations, (2) significant differences in cloud
water representations between single- and double-moment cloud schemes, (3) extensive differences in
partitioning of hydrometeors including solid/liquid precipitation, and (4) pronounced lower-tropospheric
air temperature biases. These issues are considered as the main sources of SEB uncertainty over ice-free
areas of the Arctic Ocean. The results from a coupled RCM imply that the SEB is constrained by both
the atmosphere and the ocean (and sea ice) with considerable feedback. Coordinated improvement of
both stand-alone atmospheric and coupled RCMs would promote a more comprehensive and improved
understanding of the Arctic air-ice-sea coupled system.},
 title = {Clouds and Radiation Processes in Regional Climate Models Evaluated Using Observations Over the Ice-free Arctic Ocean},
 volume = {126},
 year = {2021}
}