@article{oai:kitami-it.repo.nii.ac.jp:02000232,
 author = {AMM Sharif Ullah},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {Engineering Reports},
 month = {Aug},
 note = {Industry 4.0 relevant systems (eg, cyber-physical systems, digital twins, and
alike) need digitized knowledge to function. Before digitizing knowledge, a fundamental
question arises: What is knowledge? In order to answer this question,
this study first reviews the definitions of knowledge found in the extant literature
of epistemology, engineering design, manufacturing, organization science,
information science, and education science. Since the definitions reported so far
are not succinct and suffer circularity, this study overcomes this by introducing
a three-element-based definition of knowledge—a piece knowledge consists
of three elements defined as claim, provenance, and inference. This results
in four types of knowledge defined as definitional, deductive, inductive, and
creative knowledge, and each type of knowledge is again divided into some
categories. Some real-life scenarios relevant to engineering design and manufacturing
are used to clarify the proposed knowledge types/categories; the relevant
pieces of knowledge are represented by knowledge graphs (concept maps) for
the sake of digitization. The myriad proximal and distal relationships between
knowledge and other relevant entities (human/machine learning, logical inferences,
experimental data, analytical results, creative thinking, and cognitive
reflections) become succinct and transparent due to the proposed definition of
knowledge. Consequently, this study establishes the fundamentals of developing
sophisticated methods and tools for the advancement of Industry 4.0.},
 title = {What is knowledge in Industry 4.0?},
 volume = {8},
 year = {2020}
}